¿Es YouTube una herramienta fiable para la enseñanza de cura de hernia inguinal asistida por robot? Una revisión crítica de los recursos disponibles / Is YouTube a reliable tool for approaching robotic assisted transabdominal preperitoneal surgery? A critical review of the available resources

Introducción: La cirugía transabdominal preperitoneal asistida por robot (rTAPP) es una técnica relativamente reciente para el tratamiento de hernia inguinal. Para alcanzar resultados óptimos se deben cumplir las 10 reglas de oro descritas. Los cirujanos en formación suelen revisar vídeos para familiarizarse con nuevas técnicas siendo YouTube una de las plataformas más utilizada. El objetivo de este estudio es realizar una evaluación de los 10 vídeos más vistos en YouTube de reparación de hernia inguinal por rTAPP para determinar si se cumplen las 10 reglas de oro. Métodos: Identificar y evaluar los 10 vídeos con mayor número de visualizaciones relacionados con la rTAPP. Tres Cirujanos con experiencia evaluaron el cumplimiento de las 10 reglas de oro utilizando una escala de Likert. Los datos fueron analizados en Excel (Microsoft) y graficados con Tableau (Tableau Inc). La consistencia entre evaluadores se determinó mediante el alfa de Cronbach, considerándose aceptable un valor > 0,7. Resultados: La evaluación general promedio fue de 3,63 con un rango de 2,6 a 4,9. Las puntuaciones relacionadas con el cumplimiento de las reglas 1, 2, 9, 10 fueron satisfactorias; en cambio, las reglas 3, 4, 5, 7 y 8 fueron débiles, en particular la regla número 7. Se observó consistencia interna entre los evaluadores con un alfa de Cronbach de 0,98. Conclusiones: La falta de cumplimiento con las 10 reglas del oro en la mayoría de los vídeos demuestra que el uso de vídeos (YouTube) no es un adecuado recurso para el aprendizaje de cura de hernia inguinal asistida por robot.(AU)

Introduction: The robotic transabdominal preperitoneal approach (rTAPP) is a relatively recent technique for the treatment of inguinal hernia. To achieve optimal results, the 10 golden rules described must be followed. Surgeons in training often review vídeos to familiarize themselves with new techniques, YouTube being one of the most used platforms. The objective of this study is to carry out an evaluation of the 10 most viewed vídeos on YouTube of inguinal hernia repair by transabdominal preperitoneal approach (rTAPP) to determine if the 10 golden rules are met. Methods: Identify and evaluate the 10 vídeos with the highest number of views related to rTAPP. Three experienced surgeons evaluated compliance with the 10 golden rules using a Likert scale. Data were analyzed in Excel (Microsoft) and plotted with Tableau (Tableau Inc.). The consistency between evaluators was determined using Cronbach's alpha, considering a value >0.7 acceptable. Results: The average overall evaluation was 3.63 with a range of 2.6–4.9. The scores related to compliance with the rules 1, 2, 9 and 10 were satisfactory; on the other hand, rules 3, 4, 5, 7 and 8 were weak, particularly rule number 7. Internal consistency was observed between raters with a Cronbach's alpha of 0.98.Conclusions: The lack of compliance with the 10 golden rules in most of the vídeos demonstrates that the use of vídeos (YouTube) is not an adequate resource for learning robot-assisted inguinal hernia cure.(AU)

Is YouTube a reliable tool for approaching robotic assisted transabdominal preperitoneal surgery? A critical review of the available resources.

INTRODUCTION: The robotic transabdominal preperitoneal approach (rTAPP) is a relatively recent technique for the treatment of inguinal hernia. To achieve optimal results, the 10 golden rules described must be followed. Surgeons in training often review videos to familiarize themselves with new techniques, YouTube being one of the most used platforms. The objective of this study is to carry out an evaluation of the 10 most viewed videos on YouTube of inguinal hernia repair by transabdominal preperitoneal approach (rTAPP) to determine if the 10 golden rules are met. METHODS: Identify and evaluate the 10 videos with the highest number of views related to rTAPP. Three experienced Surgeons evaluated compliance with the 10 golden rules using a Likert scale. Data were analyzed in Excel (Microsoft) and plotted with Tableau (Tableau Inc). The consistency between evaluators was determined using Cronbach's alpha, considering a value >0.7 acceptable. RESULTS: The average overall evaluation was 3.63 with a range of 2.6 to 4.9. The scores related to compliance with the rules 1, 2, 9, 10 were satisfactory; on the other hand, rules 3, 4, 5, 7 and 8 were weak, particularly rule number 7. Internal consistency was observed between raters with a Cronbach's alpha of 0.98. CONCLUSIONS: The lack of compliance with the 10 golden rules in most of the videos demonstrates that the use of videos (YouTube) is not an adequate resource for learning robot-assisted inguinal hernia cure.

The potential risk of enzootic Trypanosoma cruzi transmission inside four training and re-training military battalions (BITER) in Colombia.

BACKGROUND: Colombia's National Army is one of the largest military institutions in the country based on the number of serving members and its presence throughout the country. There have been reports of cases of acute or chronic cases of Chagas disease among active military personnel. These may be the result of military-associated activities performed in jungles and other endemic areas or the consequence of exposure to Trypanosoma cruzi inside military establishments/facilities located in endemic areas. The aim of the present study was to describe the circulation of T. cruzi inside facilities housing four training and re-training battalions [Battalions of Instruction, Training en Re-training (BITERs)] located in municipalities with historical reports of triatomine bugs and Chagas disease cases. An entomological and faunal survey of domestic and sylvatic environments was conducted inside each of these military facilities. METHODS: Infection in working and stray dogs present in each BITER location was determined using serological and molecular tools, and T. cruzi in mammal and triatomine bug samples was determined by PCR assay. The PCR products of the vertebrate 12S rRNA gene were also obtained and subjected to Sanger sequencing to identify blood-feeding sources. Finally, we performed a geospatial analysis to evaluate the coexistence of infected triatomines and mammals with the military personal inside of each BITER installation. RESULTS: In total, 86 specimens were collected: 82 Rhodnius pallescens, two Rhodnius prolixus, one Triatoma dimidiata and one Triatoma maculata. The overall T. cruzi infection rate for R. pallescens and R. prolixus was 56.1 and 100% respectively, while T. dimidiata and T. maculata were not infected. Eight feeding sources were found for the infected triatomines, with opossum and humans being the most frequent sources of feeding (85.7%). Infection was most common in the common opossum Didelphis marsupialis, with infection levels of 77.7%. Sylvatic TcI was the most frequent genotype, found in 80% of triatomines and 75% of D. marsupialis. Of the samples collected from dogs (n = 52), five (9.6%; 95% confidence interval: 3.20-21.03) were seropositive based on two independent tests. Four of these dogs were creole and one was a working dog. The spatial analysis revealed a sympatry between infected vectors and mammals with the military population. CONCLUSIONS: We have shown a potential risk of spillover of sylvatic T. cruzi transmission to humans by oral and vectorial transmission in two BITER installations in Colombia. The results indicate that installations where 100,000 active military personnel carry out training activities should be prioritized for epidemiological surveillance of Chagas disease.

Development and Implementation of an Objective Structured Clinical Examination (OSCE) of the Subject of Surgery for Undergraduate Students in an Institution with Limited Resources.

This article was migrated. The article was marked as recommended. Aim: To develop and to test the feasibility of conducting an objective structured clinical examination (OSCE) of the subject of surgery for third-year medical students in a limited-resources institution. Methods: To planning the OSCE following the Kane Validity framework. A blueprint based on curriculum was developed to design stations. A specific checklist/rubric (using google forms) was elaborated for each station. The pass/score was determined using the Modified Angoff Approach. Cronbach's alpha was used to determine the reliability. The whole process was evaluated by assessing students' and professors' satisfaction using a survey. Results: It was feasible to develop and implement an OSCE in an institution with limited resources. 28 students and 10 examiners participated. Both considered that the OSCE allows evaluation of the clinical competencies of the subject. They consider that this kind of assessment changed their way of studying, placing more emphasis on clinical skills. In the same way, they consider that it is, more objective, and less stressful when compared to other traditional methods. Similarly, the implementation of this strategy encourages teachers to improve teaching strategies. Conclusion: It's possible to implement un OSCE in an institution with limited resources. The incorporation of this tool has a positive impact on learning.

Distribution, treatment outcome and genetic diversity of Leishmania species in military personnel from Colombia with cutaneous leishmaniasis.

BACKGROUND: Leishmaniasis is one of the most important infectious diseases affecting the Colombian National Army due to the high number of reported cases and exposure throughout military operations in endemic areas. The main aim of this study was to estimate the geographical distribution along with the genetic diversity and treatment outcome of Leishmania species in Colombian military personnel. METHODS: Skin lesion samples by smear and aspirate were collected in 136 patients having parasitological cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) diagnosis. DNA was extracted, the nuclear marker heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) was amplified by PCR and sequenced. Leishmania species were identified by BLASTn. The geo-spatial distribution of the identified parasites was determined according to the possible site of infection. Gene tree was constructed by maximum likelihood (ML), diversity indices (π, h) were estimated and haplotype network was constructed under the Templeton-Crandall-Sing algorithm in order to determine the geographic relationships of the genetic variants of Leishmania species circulating in Colombian military population. RESULTS: The species were identified in 77.94% of the samples, with a predominance of L. braziliensis (65.09%), followed by L. panamensis (31.13%), L. naiffi by the first time reported in Colombia in two patients (1.89%) as well as L. lindenbergi in a single patient (0.945%) with possible infection in the municipality of Miraflores, Guaviare and L. infantum in a single patient (0.945%) notified with CL in the municipality of Tumaco, Nariño. The phylogenetic analysis was consistent according to bootstrap, showing four strongly differentiated clades. CONCLUSIONS: The geo-spatial distribution suggested that L. braziliensis has a greater abundance, while L. panamensis has a greater dispersion. The phylogenetic relationships of Leishmania species in Colombian military personnel was estimated with the confirmation of two new species circulating without prior report in the country and a species with no background for CL in the Colombian army. A substantial genetic diversity of Leishmania braziliensis was defined. This study contributes through the understanding of the molecular epidemiology to the CL transmission in Colombia.

Prevalence of Trypanosoma cruzi infection in active military population of The Colombian National Army gathered in five departments.

BACKGROUND: The National Army of Colombia is present in all of the national territory, focused in sylvatic zones where they are exposed continually to potential risk of transmission of Trypanosoma cruzi, the etiological agent of the Chagas disease. People of this study were active personal that were born and lived during their first years in endemic areas of transmission through domiciled vectors as Rhodnius prolixus. AIM: The main aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence of Chagas disease in the active military population of the National Army, gathered in five departments. METHODS: An observational and descriptive study with cross-sectional analysis was carried out. Blood sample each patient in order to apply serological diagnosis by two different Enzyme Linked ImmunoSorbent Assay tests, following the algorithm of National Institute of Health, Colombia. In cases of serum results with inconsistencies, a Hemagglutination Inhibition test and Indirect Immunofluorescence assay test were performed to solve inconclusiveness. Positive samples by two different tests were considered seropositive. Additionally, to each positive sample by at least one serological test, we did extraction of DNA for molecular diagnosis. RESULTS: 295 serums were analyzed and two of them were positive in order to get a prevalence of 0.68%. Two samples analyzed by molecular diagnosis were negative. CONCLUSION: The prevalence was < 1% It is probable the infection in the seropositive individuals occurred before enlisting in the military service due to origin locations with transmission such as Casanare and Boyacá. These findings allow defining the prevention and control programs of chronic cases and reduction in the disease burden.

Robot-assisted surgery and incisional hernia: a comparative study of ergonomics in a training model.

Over the years, incisional hernia repair has evolved. Currently, primary closure of the defect before placing the mesh is a critical step in incisional hernia repair and minimally invasive surgery incorporation has an important role due to great advantages. Despite its benefits, laparoscopic closure with suture intracorporeal knotting is physically demanding and technically complex. Robotic technology provides an optimal three-dimensional view, maneuverability of the instruments but no study has assessed the impact of the DaVinci system in the ergonomics which is the objective in this study. Fourteen surgeons were able to achieve surgical repair of a defect in an incisional hernia inanimate model. The task was performed with conventional laparoscopy and robotic assistance. The mental effort was registered and physical disturbances were measured with the Local Experienced Discomfort scale. The subjects expressed discomfort mainly in the dominant side (p = 0.006). In the comparative analysis between the two approaches, upper limb less disturbance (p = 0.04) and lower mental effort (p = 0.001) were reported with robotic approach. Robotic assistance decreases mental and physical effort during the primary closure of a defect in an incisional hernia inanimate model.

Colecistectomía laparoscópica: impacto de la implementación de una lista de chequeo en la adecuada preparación del quirófano / Laparoscopic cholecystectomy: impact of the implementation of a checklist in the adequate preparation of the operating room

Evaluar el impacto de la implementación de una lista de chequeo en la adecuada preparación del quirófano para realización de colecistectomía laparoscópica. Métodos: Se trata de un estudio prospectivo, controlado, no aleatorio, donde se estudió el impacto del uso de una lista de chequeo en la incidencia de eventos adversos relacionados con la preparación del quirófano para realización de colecistectomía laparoscópica. Se compararon dos grupos, grupo A, en el cual se utilizó lista de chequeo y grupo B (control) donde la preparación del quirófano se llevó a cabo sin el uso de la lista. Para el estudio, los eventos adversos se clasificaron según su naturaleza en "ausencia y/o posición" y "defecto y/o configuración". El análisis estadístico se llevó a cabo utilizando el test exacto de Fisher considerando diferencia significativa p<0,05. Resultados: Se estudiaron un total de 40 procedimientos, (grupo A: 20, grupo B: 20). La incidencia de eventos adversos relacionados con la preparación del quirófano fue de 45 %, en contraste con el grupo control, en el cual en el 100 % de los procedimientos se documentaron eventos (p<0,001). La mayoría de los eventos documentados estuvo en relación con equipo o instrumental de hemostasia. La lista de chequeo fue útil en reducir significativamente los eventos adversos relacionados con "ausencia y/o posición" (70 % vs 5 %, p<0,001) pero no los relacionados "defecto y/o configuración" (70 % vs 40 %; p=0,057). Conclusiones: La lista de chequeo es una herramienta útil para la reducción de eventos adversos relacionados con la preparación de quirófano para colecistectomía laparoscópica, pero no elimina completamente el riesgo de su aparición(AU)

to evaluate the impact of the implementation of a checklist to obtain an optimal setting of the operating room for laparoscopic cholecystectomy surgeries. Methods: it's a prospective, controlled, non-randomized study. The usefulness of checklist implementation was studied to know the incidence of adverse events related to operating room preparation for laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Two groups, group A (checklist group), and group B (control, without the implementation of a checklist) were compared. For statistical purposes, adverse events were classified according to their nature in "Absence and/or position" and "defect and/or configuration". Statistical analysis was carried out using Fisher's exact test considering significant difference a p value<0.05. Results: A total of 40 procedures were studied (group A: 20, group B: 20). The incidence of adverse events related to operating room preparation was 45 %, in contrast to the control group, in which events were documented in 100 % of the procedures (p<0.001). Most of the documented events were related to hemostasis equipment or instruments. The checklist was useful in reducing adverse events related to "absence and/or position" (70 % vs. 5 %, p<0.001) but not related to "defect and/or configuration" (70 % vs. 40 %; p=0.057). Conclusions: The checklist is a useful tool in order to reduce adverse events related to the preparation of an operating room for laparoscopic cholecystectomy, but does not completely eliminate the risk of its occurrence(AU)

Colecistectomía laparoscópica subtotal como alternativa quirúrgica segura en casos complejos / Laparoscopic subtotal cholecystectomy: a surgical alternative to reduce complications in complex cases

Introducción: La colecistectomía laparoscópica es uno de los procedimientos quirúrgicos realizados con más frecuencia a nivel mundial en el campo de la cirugía general, por lo que es fundamental que el cirujano conozca las diferentes alternativas al momento de enfrentarse con un caso complejo. Bajo esta premisa, es importante considerar la colecistectomía laparoscópica subtotal como una opción, cuando después de una adecuada disección, no se logra identificar las estructuras anatómicas y no se obtiene la visión crítica de seguridad. Este procedimiento cursa con baja morbilidad y con las ventajas ampliamente conocidas de la cirugía mínimamente invasiva. Métodos: Estudio retrospectivo de pacientes a quienes se les realizó colecistectomía laparoscópica subtotal en un periodo de 8 años. Resultados: Se realizaron 1.059 colecistectomías laparoscópicas. De estas, 22 correspondieron a colecistectomías subtotales. No se registraron lesiones de vía biliar ni conversiones. Las complicaciones más frecuentes fueron la fístula biliar (9%) y la colección intraabdominal (4,5%). No hubo mortalidad asociada al procedimiento. Durante un periodo de seguimiento promedio de 32 meses, no se observó recurrencia de sintomatología. Conclusiones: La colecistectomía laparoscópica subtotal es un procedimiento efectivo, seguro y reproducible. Debe ser considerada como una opción en casos complejos (AU)

Introduction: Laparoscopic cholecystectomy is a common procedure in general surgery, and in complex cases it is important for the surgeon to know all the alternatives with low associated morbidity. Laparoscopic subtotal cholecystectomy should be considered as an option when a critical view of safety cannot be obtained, because it has a low complication rate and gives the advantages of minimally invasive surgery. Methods: Retrospective study of laparoscopic subtotal cholecystectomies in an eight years period. Results: A total of 1,059 laparoscopic cholecystectomies were performed; 22 were subtotal cholecystectomies, without conversion. Biliary fistula (9%) and intraabdominal collections (4.5%) were the most common complications described. No iatrogenic bile duct injuries or deaths were reported. Our follow-up period was 32months, no recurrences were reported. Conclusions: Laparoscopic subtotal cholecystectomy is a safe and effective procedure. It should be considered as an option in complex cases (AU)

Laparoscopic subtotal cholecystectomy: a surgical alternative to reduce complications in complex cases. / Colecistectomía laparoscópica subtotal como alternativa quirúrgica segura en casos complejos.

INTRODUCTION: Laparoscopic cholecystectomy is a common procedure in general surgery, and in complex cases it is important for the surgeon to know all the alternatives with low associated morbidity. Laparoscopic subtotal cholecystectomy should be considered as an option when a critical view of safety cannot be obtained, because it has a low complication rate and gives the advantages of minimally invasive surgery. METHODS: Retrospective study of laparoscopic subtotal cholecystectomies in an eight years period. RESULTS: A total of 1,059 laparoscopic cholecystectomies were performed; 22 were subtotal cholecystectomies, without conversion. Biliary fistula (9%) and intraabdominal collections (4.5%) were the most common complications described. No iatrogenic bile duct injuries or deaths were reported. Our follow-up period was 32months, no recurrences were reported. CONCLUSIONS: Laparoscopic subtotal cholecystectomy is a safe and effective procedure. It should be considered as an option in complex cases.

Spatial distribution, Leishmania species and clinical traits of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis cases in the Colombian army.

In Colombia, the cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is the most common manifestation across the army personnel. Hence, it is mandatory to determine the species associated with the disease as well as the association with the clinical traits. A total of 273 samples of male patients with CL were included in the study and clinical data of the patients was studied. PCR and sequencing analyses (Cytb and HSP70 genes) were performed to identify the species and the intra-specific genetic variability. A georeferenced database was constructed to identify the spatial distribution of Leishmania species isolated. The identification of five species of Leishmania that circulate in the areas where army personnel are deployed is described. Predominant infecting Leishmania species corresponds to L. braziliensis (61.1%), followed by Leishmania panamensis (33.5%), with a high distribution of both species at geographical and municipal level. The species L. guyanensis, L. mexicana and L. lainsoni were also detected at lower frequency. We also showed the identification of different genotypes within L. braziliensis and L. panamensis. In conclusion, we identified the Leishmania species circulating in the areas where Colombian army personnel are deployed, as well as the high intra-specific genetic variability of L. braziliensis and L. panamensis and how these genotypes are distributed at the geographic level.

Robot-assisted video endoscopic inguinal lymphadenectomy for melanoma.

Inguinal lymphadenectomy is the indicated procedure in the regional lymph node management for patients with lower limb melanoma and positive nodes. This procedure is commonly associated with surgical site complications. Video endoscopic inguinal lymphadenectomy is a minimally invasive alternative with oncological principles and lower wound-related morbidity. Incorporation of robotic surgery with optimal vision and great maneuverability would offer great advantages. A 42-year-old male patient was diagnosed with acral lentiginous melanoma and palpable inguinal nodes T2 N1 M0. The patient was scheduled for robot-assisted left inguinal video endoscopic lymphadenectomy. The working space is created using blunt-finger dissection and then extended with the endoscope by sweeping with the lens. Two 8-mm robotic trocars and a 10-mm trocar for assistant are placed. The lymphadenectomy is carried out with Maryland and scissors. The operative time was 130 min, estimated blood loss 70 ml and hospital stay 2 days. The robot-assisted inguinal video endoscopic lymphadenectomy is a safe and feasible procedure for lower limb melanoma treatment. The incorporation of the robotic system to this approach where there is a limited working space would offer advantages to the technique.

Robotic surgery training: construct validity of Global Evaluative Assessment of Robotic Skills (GEARS).

The objective of this study is to determine the ability of the GEARS scale (Global Evaluative Assessment of Robotic Skills) to differentiate individuals with different levels of experience in robotic surgery, as a fundamental validation. This is a cross-sectional study that included three groups of individuals with different levels of experience in robotic surgery (expert, intermediate, novice) their performance were assessed by GEARS applied by two reviewers. The difference between groups was determined by Mann-Whitney test and the consistency between the reviewers was studied by Kendall W coefficient. The agreement between the reviewers of the scale GEARS was 0.96. The score was 29.8 ± 0.4 to experts, 24 ± 2.8 to intermediates and 16 ± 3 to novices, with a statistically significant difference between all of them (p < 0.05). All parameters from the scale allow discriminating between different levels of experience, with exception of the depth perception item. We conclude that the scale GEARS was able to differentiate between individuals with different levels of experience in robotic surgery and, therefore, is a validated and useful tool to evaluate surgeons in training.

Entrenamiento en cirugía mínimamente invasiva: validación del Sistema Virtual Quiro ® / Training in minimally invasive surgery: validation of the Quiro® Virtual System

La incorporación de la cirugía laparoscópica ha conducido a cambios en el método de entrenamiento. La adquisición de habilidades debe realizarse fuera del área quirúrgica mediante programas de adiestramiento en "caja negra", modelos animales y simulado- res virtuales. Existen múltiples herramientas para la adquisición de destrezas quirúrgicas pero muy poco para el manejo de la óptica de 30. Objetivo: Validar el sistema virtual QUIRO®, al determinar su capacidad de diferenciar entre individuos con distintos niveles de experiencia. Métodos: Es un estudio comparativo, transversal, basado en la validación constructiva del sistema virtual de entrenamiento en manejo de óptica de 30o (Quiro ®). Se evaluaron un total de 25 individuos divididos en dos grupos de trabajo: grupo de novatos, constituido por 13 participantes; y grupo de expertos por 12 participantes. El desempeño de cada uno de los participantes fue medido a través de las variables utilizadas por el sistema virtual Quiro® identificados como: fulcrum 1, espacial 2, espacial 3 y ángulo 1. Resultados: Los resultados obtenidos no fueron diferentes para los ejercicios fulcrum 1 y espacial 2 ya que se tratan de ejercicios de introducción. Para los ejercicios espacial 3 y ángulo 1 hubo diferencia en relación al tiempo y colisiones (p<0.05). Conclusión: El sistema virtual Quiro® permite diferenciar entre individuos con diferentes niveles de experiencia en el manejo de óptica de 30°, por lo que puede ser considerado como instrumento de enseñanza para el manejo de la misma(AU)

The incorporation of laparoscopic surgery has led to changes in the method of training The acquisition of skills must be done outside the surgical area through training programmes on "black box", virtual simulators and animal models. There are multiple tools for surgical skills but very little for the management of the optics of 30. Objective: Validate CHIRO® virtual system, to determine their ability to differentiate between individuals with different levels of experience. Methods: It is a comparative, cross-sectional study, based on the constructive validation of virtual training system in management of 30 ° (Chiro®) optics. We evaluated a total of 25 individuals divided into two working groups: novice group, consisting of 13 participants; and group of experts by 12 participants. The performance of each of the participants was measured through the variables used by the virtual system Quiro® identified as: fulcrum 1, space 2, space 3 and angle 1. Results: The results were not different for Fulcrum 1 and space 2 years since they are exercises of introduction. For exercises 3 spatial and 1 angle there was difference in relation to weather and collisions (p<0.05). Conclusion: Quiro® virtual system allows to differentiate between individuals with different levels of experience in the management of optics of 30 °, so it can be considered as a teaching instrument for the management of the same(AU)

Laparoscopic surgery skills evaluation: analysis based on accelerometers.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Technical skills assessment is considered an important part of surgical training. Subjective assessment is not appropriate for training feedback, and there is now increased demand for objective assessment of surgical performance. Economy of movement has been proposed as an excellent alternative for this purpose. The investigators describe a readily available method to evaluate surgical skills through motion analysis using accelerometers in Apple's iPod Touch device. METHODS: Two groups of individuals with different minimally invasive surgery skill levels (experts and novices) were evaluated. Each group was asked to perform a given task with an iPod Touch placed on the dominant-hand wrist. The Accelerometer Data Pro application makes it possible to obtain movement-related data detected by the accelerometers. Average acceleration and maximum acceleration for each axis (x, y, and z) were determined and compared. RESULTS: The analysis of average acceleration and maximum acceleration showed statistically significant differences between groups on both the y (P = .04, P = .03) and z (P = .04, P = .04) axes. This demonstrates the ability to distinguish between experts and novices. The analysis of the x axis showed no significant differences between groups, which could be explained by the fact that the task involves few movements on this axis. CONCLUSION: Accelerometer-based motion analysis is a useful tool to evaluate laparoscopic skill development of surgeons and should be used in training programs. Validation of this device in an in vivo setting is a research goal of the investigators' team.

Detección de Leishmania spp. en base al gen que codifica la proteína HSP20 / Detection of Leishmania spp. based on the gene encoding HSP20

Objetivos. Explorar una nueva diana para el diagnóstico molecular de Leishmania. Materiales y métodos. Se evaluó la utilidad del gen que codifica la proteína de choque térmico de 20kDa (hsp20) para la detección de Leishmania por medio de la reacción en cadena de la polimerasa (PCR).Se normalizó la PCR y se determinaron los parámetros analíticos, así como la validez y seguridad diagnóstica y la concordancia con la PCR-18S. Se evaluó la PCR-hsp20 con ADN obtenido de un grupo de muestras clínicas de distinta procedencia. Resultados. Los parámetros analíticos resultaron adecuados. La sensibilidad obtenida fue de 86% y la especificidad del 100%, la concordancia con el método de referencia resultó buena (ƙ=0,731), lo que apoya su posible uso para el diagnóstico. La posibilidad de identificación posterior de la especie mediante secuenciación del producto amplificado le confiere una ventaja adicional. Conclusiones. Se demuestra la utilidad de este gen como una nueva diana para la detección del género Leishmania. Debido a su potencial, se recomienda mejorar la sensibilidad del procedimiento y realizar su evaluación en diversas regiones endémicas.

Objectives. Explore a new target for molecular diagnosis of Leishmania. Materials and methods. We evaluated the utility of the gene that encodes the heat shock protein 20-kDa (Hsp20) for detecting Leishmania by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). PCR was normalized and analytical parameters were determined, as well as the validity and diagnostic accuracy, and concordance with the PCR - 18S. PCR-Hsp20 with DNA was obtained from a group of clinical samples from different sources. Results. The analytical parameters were adequate. The sensitivity obtained was 86% and the specificity was 100%. The concordance with the reference method was good (Ƙ = 0.731), which supports its potential use for diagnosis. The possibility of subsequent identification of the species by sequencing the amplified product gives an additional advantage. Conclusions. The usefulness of this gene as a new target for the detection of Leishmania was demonstrated. Because of its potential, it is recommended to improve the sensitivity of the method and to evaluate it in different endemic regions.

[Detection of Leishmania spp. based on the gene encoding HSP20]. / Detección de Leishmania spp. en base al gen que codifica la proteína HSP20.

OBJECTIVES: Explore a new target for molecular diagnosis of Leishmania. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We evaluated the utility of the gene that encodes the heat shock protein 20-kDa (Hsp20) for detecting Leishmania by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). PCR was normalized and analytical parameters were determined, as well as the validity and diagnostic accuracy, and concordance with the PCR - 18S. PCR-Hsp20 with DNA was obtained from a group of clinical samples from different sources. RESULTS: The analytical parameters were adequate. The sensitivity obtained was 86% and the specificity was 100%. The concordance with the reference method was good (κ = 0.731), which supports its potential use for diagnosis. The possibility of subsequent identification of the species by sequencing the amplified product gives an additional advantage. CONCLUSIONS: The usefulness of this gene as a new target for the detection of Leishmania was demonstrated. Because of its potential, it is recommended to improve the sensitivity of the method and to evaluate it in different endemic regions.

Gastrectomía total laparoscópica asistida por sistema da vinci en el tratamiento de la enfermedad de ménétrier / Laparoscopic total gastrectomy assisted by da vinci system in the management of ménétrier's disease

La enfermedad de Ménétrier es una enfermedad poco frecuente que se caracteriza por presentar hipertrofia gástrica asociada con hipoproteinemia. Objetivo:Presentación de caso clínico y revisión de la literatura, de un paciente con el diagnóstico de enfermedad de Ménétrier, tratado en el servicio de Cirugía III del Hospital Universitario de Caracas. Métodos:Se presenta el caso de un apaciente femenina de 65 años de edad, quien acude por presentar,dolor en epigastrio posterior a las comidas, intolerancia a la vía oral y pérdida de peso. Se realiza una endoscopia digestiva superior donde se evidencia lesión infiltrativa estenosante del cuerpo gástrico que produce reducción de la luz en 100 %, la biopsia concluye hiperplasia foveolar reactiva y cambios reactivos en el epitelio glan-dular, sugestivos de enfermedad de Ménétrier. Resultados: Lapaciente es llevada a mesa operatoria donde se procede a la reali-zación de gastrectomía total más esófago-yeyuno anastomosis por abordaje laparoscópico asistido por robot, evolucionando de manera satisfactoria, egresando al octavo día del postoperatorio. Conclusión: El abordaje laparoscópico asistido por el sistema Da Vinci es una opción factible y segura. La incorporación de la tecnología robótica facilita la realización de procedimientos complejos mediante cirugía mínimamente invasiva(AU)

Ménétrier's disease is a rare disease characterized by gastric hypertrophy associated with hypoproteinemia. Objective: Presentation of clinical case and literature review of a patient with diagnosis of Ménétrier's disease managed at Service of Surgery III, Hospital Universitario de Caracas. Methods: We present a case of a 65 years old female patient who presented epigastric pain after meals, e oral intolerance and weight loss. Upper endoscopy is performed where is evidenced gastric mucosa with prominent folds in gastric body along with stenosis at antrum-pylorous, biopsy was taken and reported foveolar reactive hyperplasia and reactive glandular epithelium changes suggestive of Ménétrier's disease. Results: A robot-assisted laparoscopic total gastrectomy and an esophagusjejunum anastomosis was performed, patient's evolution was satisfactory and is discharged at the eighth postoperative day. Conclusion: The robot-assisted laparoscopic gastrectomy is a feasible and safe option that facilitates the performance of complex procedures(AU)

Construct validity of an inanimate training model for laparoscopic appendectomy.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: The use of training models in laparoscopic surgery allows the surgical team to practice procedures in a safe environment. The aim of this study was to determine the capability of an inanimate laparoscopic appendectomy model to discriminate between different levels of surgical experience (construct validity). METHODS: The performance of 3 groups with different levels of expertise in laparoscopic surgery--experts (Group A), intermediates (Group B), and novices (Group C)--was evaluated. The groups were instructed of the task to perform in the model using a video tutorial. Procedures were recorded in a digital format for later analysis using the Global Operative Assessment of Laparoscopic Skills (GOALS) score; procedure time was registered. The data were analyzed using the analysis of variance test. RESULTS: Twelve subjects were evaluated, 4 in each group, using the GOALS score and time required to finish the task. Higher scores were observed in the expert group, followed by the intermediate and novice groups, with statistically significant difference. Regarding procedure time, a significant difference was also found between the groups, with the experts having the shorter time. The proposed model is able to discriminate among individuals with different levels of expertise, indicating that the abilities that the model evaluates are relevant in the surgeon's performance. CONCLUSIONS: Construct validity for the inanimate full-task laparoscopic appendectomy training model was demonstrated. Therefore, it is a useful tool in the development and evaluation of the resident in training.

Cierre primario de la vía biliar versus cierre sobre tubo en "t" durante exploración laparoscópica de la vía biliar / Primary closure of bile duct versus closure over tube "t" during laparoscopic bile duct exploration

Objetivo: Comparar la seguridad del cierre primario de la vía biliar versus cierre sobre tubo en "T", luego de la exploración laparoscópica de la vía biliar (ELVB). Método: Estudio prospectivo, controlado, no aleatorio, de pacientes con indicación de ELVB, resueltos a través de coledocotomía en un periodo de 9 años. A 15 pacientes se les realizó cierre sobre tubo en "T", mientras que a 20 pacientes se les realizó cierre primario de la vía biliar común.Resultados: No se observaron diferencias en cuanto a sexo, edad o indicación de la cirugía entre los dos grupos. Si bien el tiempo quirúrgico de los pacientes a los cuales se les colocó el tubo en "T" fue mayor (: 145 minutos vs. : 110 minutos), esta diferencia no fue estadísticamente significativa. El 80% de los pacientes con tubo en "T presentó salida de bilis a través del dren subhepático por un periodo menor a 3 días versus 30% de los pacientes con cierre primario (p < 0.05). Una paciente en el grupo de cierre sobre tubo en "T" presentó abdomen agudo debido a biliperitoneo posterior a la extracción de tubo, requiriendo reintervención laparoscópica para lavado y drenaje. No se presentaron complicaciones en el grupo de cierre primario. No se han reportado casos de litiasis residual. El tiempo de hospitalización fue comparable. Conclusión: El cierre primario del colédoco sin inserción de tubo en "T", luego de ELVB para tratamiento de la coledocolitiasis,es un procedimiento seguro y efectivo(AU)

Objetive: To compare the safety of common bile duct primary closure vs "t" tube drainage in laparoscopic common bile duct exploration (LCBDE).Method: This is a prospective, controlled, no randomized study, of patients undergoing laparoscopic common bile duct exploration through choledochotomy, in a nine years period. In15 patients we placed tube "T" drainage. In 20 cases a primary closure of the common bile duct was performed.Results: No difference in age, sex or surgery indication was observed. The operative time of patients with "t" tube insertion was longer than patients with primary closure (: 145 minutes vs. :11 0 m i n u t e s ) , h o w e v e r t h i s d i f f e r e n c e h a s n o t s t a t i s t i c a l s i g n i f i c a n -ce. 80% of patients with "t" tube had bile leakage of three days or less versus 30% of patients with primary closure (p<0.05). Onepatient with "T" tube had an acute abdomen due to biliary peritonitis after tube removal, requiring laparoscopic reintervention for lavage and drainage. There were no complications in the primary closure group. No cases of residual stones have been reported. Postoperative hospitalization time shows no difference between groups. Conclusion: Primary closure of the common bile duct without "T" tube insertion, after LCBDE for treatment of choledo-cholithiasis, is an effective and safe procedure(AU)